China's material science, scientific research is fruitful, but there is a hidden worry
On the basis of traditional materials, people have developed new materials based on the research results of modern science and technology. In fact, it is an ambitious plan for China to develop new industries around advanced materials to maintain economic growth. The new materials are classified into four categories: metal materials, inorganic non-metal materials (such as ceramics, gallium arsenide semiconductors, etc.), organic polymer materials, and advanced composite materials . Divided into structural materials and functional materials according to material properties. The structural materials mainly utilize the mechanical and physical and chemical properties of the materials to meet the performance requirements of high strength, high rigidity, high hardness, high temperature resistance, wear resistance, corrosion resistance and radiation resistance; the functional materials mainly utilize the electric and magnetic materials of the materials. Effects such as sound, light and heat to achieve certain functions, such as semiconductor materials, magnetic materials, photosensitive materials, heat sensitive materials, stealth materials, and nuclear materials for the manufacture of atomic bombs and hydrogen bombs. The number of scientific papers published in China has grown by leaps and bounds According to the data of Web of Science, the number and share of high-quality international papers in China's science and technology sector has achieved a breakthrough in the past few years, surpassing Japan and the United Kingdom, second only to the United States. (Forms, data from Nature Index, the same below) Among the fourteen disciplines in the statistics, the number of high-quality papers in the domestic material sciences is far ahead of other disciplines. During the decade from 2006 to 2015, the materials science papers published by Chinese authors nearly doubled. In the past two years, one-tenth of the papers published by Chinese researchers have been in the field of materials science. The first comprehensive index of materials disciplines in the world Many people have not realized that China has been the country that has published the most papers in the field of materials science for more than a decade . Since 2010, the number of these papers has further expanded. In the past five years, China's new materials industry has developed very fast, and the most obvious signs are in the papers and patents. At present, China's material-related basic research papers have surpassed the United States, and have published a considerable number of papers in journals such as nature and science. At the same time, invention patents rank first in the world, and basic research in China's new materials industry has achieved fruitful results. The world's best. The number of citations is an important indicator for measuring the influence of research papers. In terms of citation impact, although the influence of published papers in the material sciences has gradually increased over the past few years, it is not completely matched with the absolute advantages of the number of papers. Insufficient industrialization is a worry "China is at the forefront of new materials basic research, but there are still some gaps in the industrialization of scientific and technological achievements. There is still a certain gap compared with the United States." Han Gaorong, dean of the School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, said that China lacks sufficient responsibility. Large enterprises are engaged in the research of industrialization of forward-looking new materials. Taking graphene as an example, the current number of patent applications for graphene in China exceeds 16,000, accounting for 68.2% of the global total, and the United States and South Korea, which rank second and third, account for 11.6% and 10.6% respectively. Although the number of patent applications for graphene in China is the highest in the world, the current stage of industrial development is still in the “concept introduction period and the early stage of industrialization breakthroughâ€. The Chinese government has always supported the transformation of scientific research achievements, and has successively issued relevant policies and allocated special funds for support. However, it is undeniable that many domestic scientific research results are still difficult to truly realize industrialization. The reason is that in addition to the fact that university researchers pay attention to technology and lack experience in commercialization, there is no relevant resources, no investment, no suitable partners, etc., and it is also objective in the industrialization of new materials research projects. problem. In addition, from the point of view of the bridge intermediary service agencies that have transformed the results, there is a problem that the bridges are not wide. The transformation of scientific and technological achievements is a systematic project, which requires the services of the whole process of the intermediary service of the technology market, and helps to break through the links of the unsmooth circulation of scientific and technological achievements. Peking University physicist Peng Lianmao believes that the government has the funds and determination to support the entire new material research and development chain - from the laboratory to the product launch. But he believes that under the influence of policy inertia and some authoritative scientists, funds are more biased towards basic science. In addition, applied research is innovative and requires long-term investment and efforts, but application researchers have not received the research funding due, and the amount of funds is far from the developed countries such as the United States and Europe. If the project has strong government support and funding, large companies or state-owned enterprises are more likely to invest in technology and promote technology commercialization. Talking about the five hot spots of material application If you want to know which technical directions in the new materials sector may have sufficient prospects, you need to know what the future end market trends are. New material technologies do not exist and develop in isolation, but need to support end products. Therefore, technologies and products that can meet the reality and social trends will be quickly recognized by the market. If the market demand in the field is not strong, and the technology itself is not mature enough or close to the product end, mature commercialization will not be achieved. We've selected five popular application directions and briefly talked about their views on the direction. 1. The energy sector. Undoubtedly, the field will continue to heat up. The impact factors of energy-related journals continue to rise, and even Nature can't sit still this year, ready to launch Nature Energy. Countries and consumers are also very concerned about the latest developments in the energy sector. It is expected to reduce the dependence on fossil fuels and the environmental problems it brings. Solar cells, sodium-ion batteries, fuel cells, and perovskite solar cell materials will frequently appear in various top-level journals. 2. Semiconductor and electronic devices. Electronic products are increasingly affecting our lives, and consumers' attention to electronic products will certainly lead to the further development of the semiconductor field and related electronic devices. Moore's Law still makes sense, and how to have more powerful computing performance on smaller chips will always be a hot issue. At present, it will still be the leading role of silicon-based materials, but if technological and material innovations occur, this technology and capital-intensive industries will immediately be commercialized. 3. Environmental issues. Environmentally relevant materials, including water treatment, pollutant adsorption, etc., have become hot spots, and RSC has just launched several environmentally relevant journals. Moreover, the application requirements of filter materials and bioabsorbable materials are becoming more and more intense. In the past two years, there should be more and more mature product applications. 4. In the field of material processing, additive manufacturing technologies such as 3D printing are still the focus of development and research within a decade . For example, research on hot metal 3D printing for aerospace titanium alloys, research on 3D printing of polymer materials for civilian use, 3D printing of biomaterials, 3D printing architecture, etc. 5. Flexible wearable materials and devices have begun to become a trend. With the rapid development of the Internet of Things in recent years, the rise of wearable devices, flexible devices have gradually become a hot spot. This direction has a high research value, but the actual application value is not large in the short term. Some problems have also been encountered in the research and development process. It is conservatively estimated that mature products will not enter the public's field of vision within five years. (The material science data and chart of this article are from Nature Chinese and English official website)
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