Detailed analysis of the "technical singularity" of distributed energy development

In recent years, thanks to the rapid development of power technology, information technology, control technology and energy storage technology, global distributed energy projects have shown a “blowout” development. The maturity of renewable energy generation and small gas turbine technology has led to a rapid decline in the level of energy costs (LCOE), and the economics of distributed energy projects have leapt from the development obstacles of the past; energy storage technologies have brought about distributed energy. With greater flexibility, renewable energy utilization can be left out of its intermittent nature, and excess power and heat can be stored; the application of information and communication technologies in the grid has greatly improved real-time data access to energy. Capacity, the development of the Internet of Things as a communication infrastructure promotes the evolution of distributed energy systems from simple mechanical equipment to intelligent and digital. Under the guidance of technological innovation, the advantages of distributed energy systems compared to the traditional centralized “generation-transmission-power” model have been strengthened: higher integrated energy efficiency, less pollutants and greenhouse gas emissions. Enhanced system stability and energy security, as well as lower energy costs. The power, communication and energy storage technologies that distributed energy technology relies on have entered a mature stage, and they are very close to the balance point of breaking the cost barriers of traditional energy technologies. Today, we are about to usher in the "technical singularity" of distributed energy development.

Distributed energy supply technology

Distributed energy supply technology is the core of distributed energy systems, including various power generation technologies and cogeneration technologies. For example, the basic module of a distributed photovoltaic power generation system is a photovoltaic array for photoelectric conversion. The core of a distributed natural gas combined heat and power (CHP) system is a gas turbine or an internal combustion engine (other fuels or technologies such as biomass and fuel cells can also be used. ). Technological innovations enable distributed energy-generating equipment such as photovoltaic modules and natural gas gas turbines to adapt to various energy needs, while the cost is also greatly reduced, creating objective conditions for the spread of distributed energy.

Natural gas distributed energy technology is based on gas turbine or gas internal combustion engine and other equipment. While generating electricity, the waste heat generated by the gas turbine is used for heating and cooling. Using the energy cascade utilization model, the comprehensive energy utilization efficiency of natural gas cold, heat and electricity triple supply (CCHP) units is much higher than that of independent power generation and heating systems, such as the Siemens SGT-300 gas turbine unit. The fuel utilization efficiency can usually reach more than 80%, and the energy cost can be reduced by about 40%. On the other hand, higher efficiency also means less emissions. Compared with traditional coal-fired power generation and coal-fired boilers, natural gas distributed energy has inherent advantages in the emission of nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide and soot, and carbon dioxide emissions from gas-fired power generation are only half of that of coal-fired power generation. In addition, the unique fuel flexibility of gas turbines makes them ideal for distributed energy applications. Recently, CLP (Chengdu) Integrated Energy Co., Ltd. has adopted this equipment in the distributed energy station project of the Western Campus of Chengdu High-tech Industrial Development Zone in Sichuan Province. Due to its unique natural gas resources, the company plans to further reduce energy costs by leveraging the flexibility of two Siemens SGT-800 gas turbine fuels.

In the world, developed countries still occupy a dominant position in the design, testing and manufacturing of core power equipment such as gas turbines and gas engines, and continuously introduce new technologies in the manufacturing process of key components. Among them, 3D printing (also known as "additive manufacturing") has become the next technological breakthrough for gas turbine manufacturers. With 3D printing technology, Siemens and other companies have completed trial production and full load testing of blades and other components, and are expected to apply 3D printing to the design and mass production of the remaining gas turbine components. 3D printing technology can significantly shorten the equipment development cycle, improve the performance of components, improve the operating efficiency of the equipment, and give full play to the potential of technological innovation.

In the field of distributed photovoltaic power generation, under the advancement of technological innovation, the fundamental goals of the development of both the “lower cost” and “enhanced efficiency” photovoltaic systems have made positive progress. Thanks to the continuous research and development of traditional crystalline silicon materials and the breakthrough of new material technologies such as cadmium telluride, copper indium gallium selenide and perovskite, the energy conversion efficiency of photovoltaic modules is continuously improved, and it is resistant to aging, UV, thermal and flame retardant. Also greatly improved. Diamond wire cutting and passivation of the back side of the cell (PERC) technology have become the industry's hot words, and have been gradually recognized by the market; at the same time, there have been few companies involved in the full back contact battery (IBC), heterojunction battery ( High-efficiency battery technologies such as HIT) and metal-wound back contact batteries (MWT) have also received more and more attention and input from enterprises. The “13th Five-Year Plan” photovoltaic technology innovation plan proposes to increase the efficiency of crystalline silicon solar cells to 23% or more by 2020, and realize the localization of batteries such as HIT and IBC. From the perspective of cost, the cost of distributed household rooftop photovoltaic power plants of the same 3KW scale has been reduced to less than 30,000 yuan, which is 50% lower than the cost of a decade ago. The era of distributed photovoltaic "flat price" is getting closer. .

It is worth mentioning that the multi-energy complementarity of distributed natural gas and distributed renewable energy has synergistic benefits and will become an important direction for the future development of distributed energy supply technology. Taking the natural gas CCHP unit collaborative distributed photovoltaic project as an example, the addition of renewable energy will further improve the system's comprehensive energy utilization efficiency and emission reduction benefits; the multi-energy complementary system is not limited by a single energy product, and natural gas and solar energy are mutually In addition, the safety of the system is enhanced. In the system equipped with energy storage facilities, the volatility of the PV is suppressed, and the gas unit can be flexibly dispatched within an appropriate range to ensure stable operation of the energy supply area and the power grid.

Energy storage technology

Energy storage is a vital part of a distributed energy system. The existence of energy storage units makes it possible to use flexible applications of electricity and heat that can only be “out of the box”. At present, the application scenarios of energy storage are mainly divided into two parts: thermal energy storage (storage and heat storage) and electrical energy storage. Cool storage and heat storage facilities can optimize the operation of natural gas distributed systems and improve the economic efficiency of the project, while electrical energy storage can make up for the volatility and intermittent shortage of distributed renewable energy to ensure the stable output of the system. From the perspective of energy storage media, it can be divided into batteries, hydrogen, canister heat, geothermal heat, ice heat and the like.

Renewable energy such as wind power and photovoltaics are developing rapidly, and the importance of electric energy storage is rising. Power storage technologies such as flywheels, supercapacitors, lithium batteries and flow batteries can smooth the output curve of distributed photovoltaics and provide support for stable operation of the system. When the PV output is greater than the user's demand, the excess power can be stored. If the solar panel stops working, or there is a spike load, insufficient power supply, power failure, etc., the stored electrical energy can be released to meet the user's electricity demand and improve the comprehensive utilization of distributed photovoltaics. With the promotion of electric vehicles and the rise of the concept of energy Internet, technologies for incorporating electric vehicles into energy storage networks have also emerged. Among them, power battery manufacturers, automobile manufacturers and universities have launched relevant research to explore the technical feasibility and economic benefits of using waste power batteries for energy storage in distributed energy systems. Thermal storage is a simple but basic technology that is commonly used in building buildings and industrial processes to improve system efficiency by optimizing heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems; You can avoid the price premium during peak hours.

In addition, hydrogen energy has gradually become the next innovation in the field of energy storage and distributed energy. As a major country in the use of renewable energy, Germany has already built dozens of “hydrogen production by wind power” projects: through the electrolysis of water equipment, the production of hydrogen by wind power that cannot be absorbed by the grid, and then the hydrogen is mixed into the local natural gas pipeline in an appropriate proportion. Used by nearby users. In this way, the huge natural gas network is used as an energy storage medium to further reduce the wind rate of the wind farm. In May of this year, the hydrogen production station of the first wind power hydrogen production project in China was officially started. On the user side, hydrogen produced by electrolyzed water can be fully combined with distributed photovoltaics to produce hydrogen while storing energy, without emitting any pollutants and greenhouse gases throughout the process. With the promotion of technologies such as fuel cells and hydrogen energy vehicles, the distributed energy network with hydrogen as the core will also have more room for development.

Information and control technology

Data, communication and control technology innovations have laid the physical foundation for an intelligent integrated energy management system. With the wide application of information and control technology in distributed energy systems, monitoring and analysis systems based on real-time data acquisition can guide energy systems to operate in an optimal manner, enabling functions such as efficient power generation, real-time fault detection, and demand side management. New smart meters and energy management software such as the Microgrid Management System (MGMS) Building Energy Management System (BEMS) are important hardware innovations and software innovations in energy management for information and control technologies. Good energy management can increase system reliability and help save energy and increase efficiency, thus creating the possibility of deploying more distributed and renewable energy. It can be said that energy control and management technology changes are profoundly driving consumers to change their energy management model.

In a typical distributed energy system that integrates multiple energy supply technologies and energy storage facilities, an energy management system as a nerve center is indispensable. The energy management system monitors and controls the operational status of the energy supply equipment, collects and analyzes the user's cold, heat, and electrical load information, and switches between different system states. Advanced energy management technology can ensure the balance of energy supply and demand of the system, improve the overall energy efficiency, and reduce the energy cost of users. This is especially important in the application scenarios of large distributed energy such as buildings and industrial parks. For example, the Frye Construction Group of Germany and Siemens in the development of the “Smart Green Tower” project in Freiburg, Germany, is an intelligent, efficient and economically stable operation under the comprehensive scheduling of the most advanced energy management systems. . The roof and façade of this commercial and residential complex covers solar panels, providing renewable electricity to the entire building and acting as another layer of insulation outside the curtain wall. A lithium battery energy storage unit with a capacity of 0.5 MWh is installed inside the building to store excess power generated by distributed photovoltaics, smooth the output curve of the photovoltaic system, and supply power under peak load conditions. The intelligent green tower is equipped with an energy management system that controls the photovoltaic, energy storage and energy-consuming equipment in the building. Combined with the output power monitoring of distributed photovoltaics and the change of local electricity price, the energy management system will increase the utilization rate of distributed photovoltaics as much as possible, reduce the proportion of power grid use, and improve the economics of the whole system; Management system control, the system will optimize the charging cycle between the solar panel and the battery; according to the needs of the operating personnel, the system can also switch between different scenarios such as improving energy efficiency, reducing energy costs and reducing carbon dioxide emissions. According to forecasts, the energy management system will save 80% of the cost of building lighting, and the cost of heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems can be reduced by 20%.

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